7.真理尺度和价值尺度的辩证关系及其现实意义
在西方，近代以前的哲学侧重于本体论的研究，近代以后的哲学侧重于认识论的研究。而19世纪中后期以来，西方社会迅猛发展的科学技术和日益繁荣的商品经济，在给人们的社会生活带来前所未有的变化的同时，也造成了前所未有的社会矛盾和精神危机，于是“价值”问题逐渐凸显出来，西方哲学研究也随之出现了认识论的价值论转向。我国哲学界对价值问题的广泛研究是从20世纪80年代初开始的。其深层背景是改革开放和市场经济给人们思想价值观念带来的巨大冲击，其直接原因是真理标准大讨论引发的实践检验机制的研究，其主要标志是1980年第10期《学术月刊》上发表的一篇文章《马克思主义论事实的认识和价值的认识及其联系》。该文从哲学层面上对价值问题作了深入探讨，引起学术界的广泛关注。这以后，《光明日报》、《哲学研究》、《社会科学辑刊》等报刊相继发表一些关于价值问题的讨论和研究的文章，在国内逐渐兴起了价值论研究热潮。
真理尺度和价值尺度的关系问题一直是价值论研究中一个重要的问题，并且一直存在着严重的分歧。历来有两种主要的观念：一种重在强调二者的对立，一种重在强调二者的统一。我们认为这两种观念都有失偏颇。事实上，真理尺度和价值尺度是人类活动的两大基本尺度，二者既相互区别、相互对立，又相互联系、相互统一。在实践基础上实现真理尺度和价值尺度具体的历史的统一，是人类社会进步的内在条件，也是马克思主义哲学的一条基本原则。全面准确地把握二者的辩证关系，对于人们的认识和实践具有重要的指导意义。
真理尺度和价值尺度是相互区别、相互对立的。真理尺度，是外在的物的尺度，它要求人们必须遵从客观事物的本质和规律，按照客观世界的本来面目去认识世界和改造世界，也就是说人们必须永不停息地追求真理和服从真理。价值尺度，是内在的人的尺度，它要求人们必须按照主体自身的目的和需求去认识世界和改造世界，使客观世界适合于人的生存和发展，也就是说人们必须最大限度地追求价值和创造价值。真理尺度坚持从客体出发，说明“是什么”，维护事物或认识的客观性；价值尺度坚持从主体出发，说明“应如何”，维护主体的中心位置。真理尺度的轴心在客体，价值尺度的轴心在主体，因此，在主客体相互作用的认识和实践过程中，追求真理与创造价值有可能发生矛盾和冲突。这些矛盾和冲突的存在，一方面给人类的生活和活动造成了许多困难，另一方面又恰恰是在这些矛盾的不断出现和不断解决中推动着人类社会不断向前发展。可见，真理尺度和价值尺度是两个完全不同的概念，两者有着各自不同的特点和功能，不可以彼此替代或消解。它们各自的分工和作用正是保证人类进步发展的必要条件。
真理尺度和价值尺度又是相互联系、相互统一的。首先，二者相互包含、相互渗透。一方面，真理中包含着价值的因素，真理本身就具有价值，离开价值尺度谈真理尺度是没有意义的。任何探寻真理的实践活动总是包含一定的价值目标。更为重要的是，真理本身具有重要的价值。人类的一切活动都离不开真理的指引，人们只有掌握了真理才能有效地改造世界和不断满足人们的需要。另一方面，价值中也包含着真理的因素，价值的实现离不开对真理尺度的把握和运用，离开真理尺度谈价值尺度是虚妄的。作为客体属性对于主体需要的满足，价值的特点在于它不能仅仅停留在某种主观的要求上，而必须通过成功的活动，实现主观与客观的统一。而凡是取得成功的活动，总是这样那样地以遵循或利用一定的真理作为基础和前提。
其次，二者互相作用、互相转化。在人类活动中，人们一方面以真理性认识为基础去追求更多更大价值，实现物对人的有用性；另一方面又以价值为动力去寻求更加全面更加完备的真理，促进人们对客观世界的认识和改造。正是在真理与价值的相互作用、相互转化中，实践才得以不断向前推进发展，认识才得以不断向深度和广度推进，自在世界才不断向人化世界转化，人类才不断从必然中获得自由。
此外，实践是二者统一的检验标准。在社会实践中，不仅人的认识和行为的真理性得到确定和检验，而且，主客体之间的价值关系、价值评价也得到确定和检验。列宁指出：“必须把人的全部实践——作为真理的标准，也作为事物同人所需要它的那一点的联系的实际确定者——包括到事物的完整的‘定义’中去”，(《列宁选集》第4卷。人民出版社1995年版，第419页)在这里，列宁所说的“事物同人所需要它的习B一点的联系”就是指价值。实践不仅是真理尺度和价值尺度的统一，也是两种尺度统一的检验标准。就是说，真理和价值是否统一，也是通过实践来证明的。违背真理的价值在社会实践中最终要失败，不带来某种价值的真理也同实践中的成功无缘。实践的发展总是通过证明和充实真理、检验和校正价值目标来促进、保证价值与真理不断地走向具体的历史的统一的。而这种统一的体现和标志，又反过来构成实践的成功和发展。因此，实践的成功率和自由度，是检验价值与真理是否统一和统一程度的客观标准。
总之，真理尺度和价值尺度在人类实践和认识发展的总体过程中，不仅仅是彼此对立的，也是辩证统一的。正确把握真理尺度和价值尺度的辩证关系，对我们的理论认识和实践活动都具有重要的现实指导意义。
首先，有助于我们正确认识和自觉克服割裂二者之间辩证关系的形而上学倾向。一种形而上学的观点是否定两大尺度间的差异和矛盾，企图用一方完全替代或消解另一方。如：主观实用主义把真理归结为价值，用人的内在尺度去消融和替代物的尺度，主张“有用即真理”：机械教条主义则把价值归结为真理，用外在物的尺度去消融和替代人的尺度，否认价值的客观性。另一种形而上学的观点是片面夸大两大尺度的差别和对立，认为二者是彼此孤立、不可调和的。如现代西方哲学的科学主义和人本主义两大思潮实质上就是这种二元对立思维的外在表现：科学主义无条件地推崇科学和理性，无视人的情感、意志、欲望、动机等非理性因素的作用和意义，人本主义则反对科学和理性。片其次，有助于我们正确理解和自觉坚持马克思主义的基本原则，在实践基础上努力实现二者具体的、历史的统一。
但是，真理尺度和价值尺度的统一总是具体的、历史的。列宁指出：“辩证法的基本原理是：没有抽象的真理，真理总是具体的。”(《列宁选集》第1卷，人民出版社1995年版，第523页)价值也是如此，不吗时代的不同的主体有着不同的价值追求和价值标准。在不同的历史时期，价值和真理所达到的统一性，总要受到这一时期的社会条件的制约，具有这一历史阶段的水平和特征。在一定历史条件下，任何具体真理不可能具有绝对满足主体需要的价值属性；任何个别主体的价值观念或价值要求也不可能绝对都是真理。因此，不同历史时代的主体，都必须立足现实，充分利用现有条件积极发挥自觉能动性，既要对自身需要的合理性和可能性作认真反省，又要千方百计地挖掘和把握真理中包含的价值属性，力求使二者尽可能地达到和谐一致。这就要求我们在具体的认识和实践的过程中，必须充分理解并自觉坚持科学精神与人文精神的统一、合规律性和合目的性的统一、实事求是和解放思想的统一、尊重社会发展规律和尊重人民群众利益的统一。只有这样，我们的实践才能不断地取得成功和进步，人类社会才能不断地迈向更新、更高的理想境界，即真、善、美合一的和谐的自由的境界。
reform results, economy, and political system, and culture system, and social system, and discipline check system, and party of construction system reform solid advance, tax, and financial, and price, and administrative approval, and State-owned enterprises, and ecological civilization, important field and key link reform made major progress, market in resources configuration in the of decisive role significantly enhanced, Unprecedented burst of momentum and vitality of economic and social development. XI General Secretary's speech in this regard include the reform only when there is no complete, the < decisions of the CPC Central Committee on some major problems in deepening reform > notes on the 18 session of ideas into the party's spirit of the reforms more difficult to move forward, the increasing use of the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics such as the ability to run the country. 4. with regard to promoting sustained and healthy economic development. Face complex changeable of international situation and difficult heavy of domestic reform development stable task, XI General Secretary made China economic development into new normal of science judge, proposed innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared five big development concept, implementation macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing five big pillar sex policy, vigorously advance supply side structural reform, new concept, achieved has 2013 to 2015 during, Domestic production total annual growth 7.3%, obviously fast Yu earlier world economic 2.3% of annual growth, on world economic growth of contribution over 25%, tertiary industry accounted for domestic production total share over 50%, eventually consumption on economic growth of contribution rate reached 66%, economic structure adjustment made important progress, development of quality and benefits significantly upgrade, China economic show out huge of swing room and broad of development prospects. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including economic growth must is real and no water of growth improve open type economic level "see missing of hand" and "see have see of hand" are to with good speed up from elements drive, and investment scale drive development mainly to to innovation drive development mainly of change active promoted China energy production and consumption revolution,. 5. with regard to building the rule of law in China. 18 big yilai, Central tightly around full advance law ruling, put party of led, and people masters, and law ruling organic unified up, insisted law ruling, and law ruling, and law administrative common advance, insisted rule of law national, and rule of law Government, and rule of law social one construction, full advance science legislation, and strictly law enforcement, and just judicial, and universal law-abiding, China features socialist legal system further sound perfect, leaders at all levels cadres using rule of law thinking and rule of law way deepening reform, and
reform results, economy, and political system, and culture system, and social system, and discipline check system, and party of construction system reform solid advance, tax, and financial, and price, and administrative approval, and State-owned enterprises, and ecological civilization, important field and key link reform made major progress, market in resources configuration in the of decisive role significantly enhanced, Unprecedented burst of momentum and vitality of economic and social development. XI General Secretary's speech in this regard include the reform only when there is no complete, the < decisions of the CPC Central Committee on some major problems in deepening reform > notes on the 18 session of ideas into the party's spirit of the reforms more difficult to move forward, the increasing use of the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics such as the ability to run the country. 4. with regard to promoting sustained and healthy economic development. Face complex changeable of international situation and difficult heavy of domestic reform development stable task, XI General Secretary made China economic development into new normal of science judge, proposed innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared five big development concept, implementation macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing five big pillar sex policy, vigorously advance supply side structural reform, new concept, achieved has 2013 to 2015 during, Domestic production total annual growth 7.3%, obviously fast Yu earlier world economic 2.3% of annual growth, on world economic growth of contribution over 25%, tertiary industry accounted for domestic production total share over 50%, eventually consumption on economic growth of contribution rate reached 66%, economic structure adjustment made important progress, development of quality and benefits significantly upgrade, China economic show out huge of swing room and broad of development prospects. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including economic growth must is real and no water of growth improve open type economic level "see missing of hand" and "see have see of hand" are to with good speed up from elements drive, and investment scale drive development mainly to to innovation drive development mainly of change active promoted China energy production and consumption revolution,. 5. with regard to building the rule of law in China. 18 big yilai, Central tightly around full advance law ruling, put party of led, and people masters, and law ruling organic unified up, insisted law ruling, and law ruling, and law administrative common advance, insisted rule of law national, and rule of law Government, and rule of law social one construction, full advance science legislation, and strictly law enforcement, and just judicial, and universal law-abiding, China features socialist legal system further sound perfect, leaders at all levels cadres using rule of law thinking and rule of law way deepening reform, and
promoted development, and The ability to resolve conflicts and constantly improve, our ... 6. on the building of Socialist culture in China. A country, a nation strong, always supported by culture flourished, the inheritance and development of civilization, without culture to develop and prosper, there will be no realization of the dream of China. 18 big yilai, XI General Secretary around "foster and promote Socialist core values" "promote China excellent traditional culture" "firmly master ideology work led right and discourse right", aspects do has series important speech, main including put publicity thought work do have better for achieved China dream condensed powerful moral support improve national culture soft strength foster and promote Socialist core values youth to consciously practice line Socialist core values Childhood actively cultivate and practice the core values of socialism and the party's important speech on the press conference. 7. promote the reform and development of social undertakings and social management. 18 big yilai, Central insisted put guarantees and improved livelihood as ruling acting political of starting point and foothold, Xia big pneumatic solution masses most care most directly most reality of interests problem, 3 years cumulative reduction poverty more than 50 million people, equivalent to a medium national population of total, annual added town employment more than 10 million people, starts construction supportability housing engineering near 4 million sets, built world Shang scale maximum, and cover universal of basic medical guarantees network and pension guarantees network, urban and rural residents income continued growth, The lives of the people of all ethnic groups have more on both material and spiritual thriving. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including promoted poverty area poverty, and speed up development let 1.3 billion people enjoys better more fair of education speed up advance housing guarantees and supply system construction always put people life security put in first bit efforts put China construction became network power insisted general national security views, go China features national security road effective maintenance national security and social settled,. 8. with regard to comprehensive strictly administering the party. Party of 18 big yilai, Central station in party and national survival of height, firmly grasp strengthening party of ruling capacity construction, and advanced purity construction this article mainline, to style construction for breakthrough, to developed introduced eight items provides started start, put discipline and rules is in front, organization carried out has party of mass line education practice activities and "three strict three real" topic education, insisted "zero tolerance, and full cover, and no area", insisted "Tiger" "flies" with playing, style political wind society continued improved, More perfect system of laws within the party, discipline of authoritative seriousness increasing, for the history of winning has a lot of new features provide a strong political
promoted development, and The ability to resolve conflicts and constantly improve, our ... 6. on the building of Socialist culture in China. A country, a nation strong, always supported by culture flourished, the inheritance and development of civilization, without culture to develop and prosper, there will be no realization of the dream of China. 18 big yilai, XI General Secretary around "foster and promote Socialist core values" "promote China excellent traditional culture" "firmly master ideology work led right and discourse right", aspects do has series important speech, main including put publicity thought work do have better for achieved China dream condensed powerful moral support improve national culture soft strength foster and promote Socialist core values youth to consciously practice line Socialist core values Childhood actively cultivate and practice the core values of socialism and the party's important speech on the press conference. 7. promote the reform and development of social undertakings and social management. 18 big yilai, Central insisted put guarantees and improved livelihood as ruling acting political of starting point and foothold, Xia big pneumatic solution masses most care most directly most reality of interests problem, 3 years cumulative reduction poverty more than 50 million people, equivalent to a medium national population of total, annual added town employment more than 10 million people, starts construction supportability housing engineering near 4 million sets, built world Shang scale maximum, and cover universal of basic medical guarantees network and pension guarantees network, urban and rural residents income continued growth, The lives of the people of all ethnic groups have more on both material and spiritual thriving. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including promoted poverty area poverty, and speed up development let 1.3 billion people enjoys better more fair of education speed up advance housing guarantees and supply system construction always put people life security put in first bit efforts put China construction became network power insisted general national security views, go China features national security road effective maintenance national security and social settled,. 8. with regard to comprehensive strictly administering the party. Party of 18 big yilai, Central station in party and national survival of height, firmly grasp strengthening party of ruling capacity construction, and advanced purity construction this article mainline, to style construction for breakthrough, to developed introduced eight items provides started start, put discipline and rules is in front, organization carried out has party of mass line education practice activities and "three strict three real" topic education, insisted "zero tolerance, and full cover, and no area", insisted "Tiger" "flies" with playing, style political wind society continued improved, More perfect system of laws within the party, discipline of authoritative seriousness increasing, for the history of winning has a lot of new features provide a strong political
reform results, economy, and political system, and culture system, and social system, and discipline check system, and party of construction system reform solid advance, tax, and financial, and price, and administrative approval, and State-owned enterprises, and ecological civilization, important field and key link reform made major progress, market in resources configuration in the of decisive role significantly enhanced, Unprecedented burst of momentum and vitality of economic and social development. XI General Secretary's speech in this regard include the reform only when there is no complete, the < decisions of the CPC Central Committee on some major problems in deepening reform > notes on the 18 session of ideas into the party's spirit of the reforms more difficult to move forward, the increasing use of the Socialist system with Chinese characteristics such as the ability to run the country. 4. with regard to promoting sustained and healthy economic development. Face complex changeable of international situation and difficult heavy of domestic reform development stable task, XI General Secretary made China economic development into new normal of science judge, proposed innovation, and coordination, and green, and open, and shared five big development concept, implementation macro policy to stability, and industry policy to associate, and micro policy to live, and reform policy to real, and social policy to backing five big pillar sex policy, vigorously advance supply side structural reform, new concept, achieved has 2013 to 2015 during, Domestic production total annual growth 7.3%, obviously fast Yu earlier world economic 2.3% of annual growth, on world economic growth of contribution over 25%, tertiary industry accounted for domestic production total share over 50%, eventually consumption on economic growth of contribution rate reached 66%, economic structure adjustment made important progress, development of quality and benefits significantly upgrade, China economic show out huge of swing room and broad of development prospects. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including economic growth must is real and no water of growth improve open type economic level "see missing of hand" and "see have see of hand" are to with good speed up from elements drive, and investment scale drive development mainly to to innovation drive development mainly of change active promoted China energy production and consumption revolution,. 5. with regard to building the rule of law in China. 18 big yilai, Central tightly around full advance law ruling, put party of led, and people masters, and law ruling organic unified up, insisted law ruling, and law ruling, and law administrative common advance, insisted rule of law national, and rule of law Government, and rule of law social one construction, full advance science legislation, and strictly law enforcement, and just judicial, and universal law-abiding, China features socialist legal system further sound perfect, leaders at all levels cadres using rule of law thinking and rule of law way deepening reform, and
promoted development, and The ability to resolve conflicts and constantly improve, our ... 6. on the building of Socialist culture in China. A country, a nation strong, always supported by culture flourished, the inheritance and development of civilization, without culture to develop and prosper, there will be no realization of the dream of China. 18 big yilai, XI General Secretary around "foster and promote Socialist core values" "promote China excellent traditional culture" "firmly master ideology work led right and discourse right", aspects do has series important speech, main including put publicity thought work do have better for achieved China dream condensed powerful moral support improve national culture soft strength foster and promote Socialist core values youth to consciously practice line Socialist core values Childhood actively cultivate and practice the core values of socialism and the party's important speech on the press conference. 7. promote the reform and development of social undertakings and social management. 18 big yilai, Central insisted put guarantees and improved livelihood as ruling acting political of starting point and foothold, Xia big pneumatic solution masses most care most directly most reality of interests problem, 3 years cumulative reduction poverty more than 50 million people, equivalent to a medium national population of total, annual added town employment more than 10 million people, starts construction supportability housing engineering near 4 million sets, built world Shang scale maximum, and cover universal of basic medical guarantees network and pension guarantees network, urban and rural residents income continued growth, The lives of the people of all ethnic groups have more on both material and spiritual thriving. This aspects XI General Secretary of speech main including promoted poverty area poverty, and speed up development let 1.3 billion people enjoys better more fair of education speed up advance housing guarantees and supply system construction always put people life security put in first bit efforts put China construction became network power insisted general national security views, go China features national security road effective maintenance national security and social settled,. 8. with regard to comprehensive strictly administering the party. Party of 18 big yilai, Central station in party and national survival of height, firmly grasp strengthening party of ruling capacity construction, and advanced purity construction this article mainline, to style construction for breakthrough, to developed introduced eight items provides started start, put discipline and rules is in front, organization carried out has party of mass line education practice activities and "three strict three real" topic education, insisted "zero tolerance, and full cover, and no area", insisted "Tiger" "flies" with playing, style political wind society continued improved, More perfect system of laws within the party, discipline of authoritative seriousness increasing, for the history of winning has a lot of new features provide a strong political
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