学习分词必须把握的七个方面
分词在英语学习中，是较高档的语法知识，也一直是英语教学过程中一大难点。本文旨在提供一些易出错和难掌握的题型的注意事项，帮助同学们更好的把握分词的使用。
学习分词时除要注意现在分词表示主动与进行、过去分词表示被动与完成外，还须注意以下事项：
一、明确分词的逻辑主语
分词是非谓语动词之一，但它可以有自己逻辑主语。知道了其逻辑主语，那么用现在分词还是用过去分词就有依据了。
分词在句子中可作状语、定语、宾补及表语。
1. 分词作状语时，与主句的主语比较。
如：Compared with the old one, the new building looks more beautiful. 与那旧楼相比，这新楼看起来更美。(分词部分相当于When the new building is compared with the old one，与主语比较，是被动的，所以用过去分词。)
Comparing the new building with the old one，we find that the new one looks more beautiful. (如果我们)把新楼与旧楼作一比较，我们就会发现新楼看起来更美。(If we compare the new building with the old one，we …… 与主语比较，是主动的，所以用现在分词。)
____with the size of the whole earth, the highest mountain does not seem high at all.
A. Comparing B. To compare C. Compared D. Having compared
_____how to do the homework, I went to ask my teacher for help.?
A. Not to know B. Not knowing C. Knowing not D. Not known
____and happy, Tony stood up and accepted the prize.
A Surprising B. Surprised C. Being surprised D. To be surprising
Deeply __, I thanked her again and again.
A. being moving B. moved C. moving D. to be moved
___a post office, I stopped____ some stamps.
A. Passed, buying B. Passing, to buy
C. Having passed, buy D. Pass, to buy
____a little money, Jimmy was able to buy his mother a lovely new lamp.
A. To save B. Saving C. Saved D. Having saved
____the office, the foreign visitors were shown round the teaching building.
A. Having shown B. Showing C. Has shown D. Having been shown
___many times, he still couldn’t understand.
A. Having been told B. Having told
C. He having been told D. Telling
___different kinds of pianos, the workers further improved their quality.
A. To produce B. Being produced C. Produced D. Having produced
_____ the composition, John handed it to the teacher and went out of the room.
A. Writing B. Having written C. Written D. Being written
____a satisfactory operation, the doctor believed the patient would recover from his illness very soon.
A. Having been given B. Having given C. Giving D. Being given
___a satisfactory operation, the patient recovered from illness very quickly.
A. Having been given B. Having given C. Giving D. Being given
He went from door to door, ____waste papers and magazines.
A. gathering B. gathered C. gather D. being gathered
The student corrected his paper carefully, ____the professor’s suggestions.
A. follow B. following C. followed D. being followed
The teacher came into the classroom ____by his students.
A. following B. to be following C. followed D. having followed
The old sick lady entered the hospital, ____her two sons.
A. to support B. supporting C. supported by D. having supported
He walked down the hills, ____softly to himself.
A. sing B. singing C. sung D. to sing?
He wrote a letter to me _____that his trip to Japan had been put off because of the bad weather.
A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed
At this moment the bell rang, _____the end of class.
A. announce B. announcing C. announced D. to announce
The child sat in the dentist’s chair ____.
A. tremble B. trembling C. trembled D. to trembled
“Can you read?” Mary said ____to the notice.
A. angrily pointing B. and point angrily
C. angrily pointed D. and angrily pointing
Properly _____with numbers, the books can be easily found.
A. marked B. mark C. to mark D. marking
The graduating students are?busy ___material for their reports.
A. collect B. to collect C. collected D. collecting
The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, ____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added B. to add C. adding D. added
China is one of the largest countries in the world, _____9. 6 million square kilometres.
A. to cover B. covered C. covers D. covering
2. 分词作定语时，与被修饰的词比较。
比较1：
People living in the city = People who are living in the city
(生活在城市里的人) People 与live是主动关系的，所以用现在分词。
people having lived in the city = people who once lived in the city
(在农村生活过的人) people和live还是主动关系，但live是过去时间，所以用现在分词的完成形式。
people to live in the city = people who will live in the city(要在城市里生活的人)
比较2：
The bridge to be built next year = (The bridge which will be built next year)
The bridge being built now = (The bridge which is being built now)
the bridge built last year = (the bridge which was built last year)
比较3：
The reduced price = the price that has been reduced(下调了的价格)
price与reduce是被动关系。
the rising prices = the prices which are rising (不断上涨的价格)
prices与rise是主动关系
比较4：
the retired worker = the worker who has retired (退休工人)
the escaped convict = the convict who has escaped. (逃犯)
(accumulated, dated, faded, fallen, swollen)
比较4：不可用过去分词表达的意思
The ___ price will save you one dollar for each dozen.
A. reduce B. reducing C. reduced D. reduces
The ground is _____with?____ leaves.
A. covering, falling B. covered, falling?
C. covered, fallen D. covering, fallen
People ____in the city do not know the pleasure of country life.
A. live B. to live C. lived D. living
The library’s study room is full of students _____for the exam.?
A. busily prepared B. busy preparing
C. busily prepare D. are busily preparing
Lessons ____easily were soon forgotten.
A. to learn B. learn C. learned D. learning
The wallet ____several days ago was found ____in the dustbin outside the building.
A. stolen, hidden B. stealing, hiding C. stealing, hidden D. stolen, hiding
A person _____ a foreign language must be able to use the foreign language, ______all about his own.
A. to learn, to forget B. learning, to forget?
C. to learn, forgetting D. learning, forgetting
The students in the university are all taking courses ___a degree.
A. coming to B. going to C. leading to D. turning to
The cars ____in Beijing are as good as those ____in Shanghai.
A. produce, produce B. produced, produced
C. produced, producing D. producing, producing
Many things _____impossible in the past are very common today.
A. consider B. considering C. considered D. be considered
Here are some new computer programs ____for home buildings.?
A. designing B. design C. designed D. to design
3. 分词作宾补时，与宾语比较。
如：When I got there，I found him repairing farm tools.? 当我到达那里时，我发现他正在修理农具。宾语him是repair这一动作的执行者，是主谓关系，所以用现在分词。
When I got there，I found the farm tools repaired. 当我到达那里时，我发现农具被修好了。宾语farm tools是repair的承受者，是动宾关系，所以用过去分词。
There was so much noise in the room that the speaker couldn’t make himself ____.
A. being heard B. hearing C. heard D. hear
The foreigner tried his best, but he still couldn’t make his point ___.
A. understand B. understanding C. to understand D. understood
I had to shout to make myself _____ above the noise.
A. heard B. hearing C. hear D. to hear
He reads newspapers every day to keep himself ____ about what’s going on in the world.
A. inform B. informing C. informed D. being informed
When I came in, I saw Dr.? Li _____a patient.
A. examine B. examining C. to examine D. examined
The scientists were waiting to see the problem ______.
A. settle B. settled C. to settle D. settling
I’ve never heard the word ____in spoken English.
A. use B. used C. using D. being used
I fell down and broke three of my teeth.? I wonder how many times I have to come here and get my false teeth ____.
A. fix B. fixing C. fixed D. to fix
With the money ___, he couldn’t buy any ticket.
A. to lose B. losing C. lost D. has lost
With winter _____on, it’s time to buy warm clothes.
A. came B. comes C. come D. coming
She caught the student _______ (cheat) in exams.?cheating
When I got there, I found him _________ (repair) farm tools.? repairing
When I got there, I found the farm tools _______.? (repair) repaired
Just then he heard someone _______ (call) for help.?calling
He worked so hard that he got his pay ______.? (raise) raised
The workers had the machines _______(run) all night long to finish the work on time. running
People in the south have their houses ______ (make) of bamboo.? made
The missing boys were last seen _______(play) near the river. playing
4.分词作表语，与主语比较。
如：The film is exciting. 这电影令人感到激动。excite这动作是电影发出的，所以用现在分词。
The boys were excited when they heard the exciting news. 这些男孩听到这激动人心的消息，感到很激动。(the boys是excite这一动作的承受者，所以用过去分词。)
We’re ___ to listen to her ____ voice.? It’s ___ to hear her sing.
A. pleased; pleasing; pleasure B. pleased; pleasant; a pleasure
C. pleasing; pleased; a pleasure D. pleasing; pleasant; pleasure
The result of the test was rather _____.
A. disappointed B. disappointing C. being disappointed D. disappoint
Were you ____when you saw that wild animal?
A. fright B. frightening C. frightened D. frighten
二、分词替换从句，主语必须一致
如：While he was watching TV，he heard a knock at the door. 正当他在看电视时，他听到有人敲门。(可以用分词改写，因为两个主语一致。) ——(While)Watching TV，he heard a knock at the door.
注意：While he was watching TV, someone knocked at the door.正当他在看电视时，有人敲门。
(此句不可用分词替换从句，因为句中的两个主语不一致。)
As it was Sunday，they went out for a picnic. 从句与主句的主语不一致时，保留从句中的主语，再用分词改写：It being Sunday，they went out for a picnic. 这种用法属于独立主格结构。
三、短暂性动词的一般式也可表先后
分词有二种时态：一般式和完成式。一般式通常表示与主句的谓语动词所表示的动作无先后；完成式则强调分词所表示的动作先于谓语动词所表示的动作。如：While walking in the street，we met some friends of ours.(无先后)
Having done his homework，he turned off the light and went to bed.(做作业在关灯与上床睡觉之前)
但是Hearing the news，he jumped with joy. (hearing是一般式，但因为是短暂性动词，所以其一般式也可以表示先后，常是紧接着发生两个动作。此句若用完成式，反而显得听话者反应迟钝。
如：Seeing the house on fire，he dialed 119.
Arriving there，they began to plant trees.
(用Arriving比用Having arrived更能显出they植树的积极性。)
____ the house on fire, he dialed 119.
A. To see B. Seeing C. Having seen D. Being seen
四、句中出现连词不可用分词替换从句
学生们学了分词语法后，很容易犯以下错误：
1.只顾表面，不管结构。
如：_______ many times， but he still couldn't understand it.
(A. Having been told B. He was told)
很多学生会误选A.句中有连词but，连词应连接两个相同的成分，此句中连接两个句子，所以B项正确 .若去掉but，A项正确；
He has lived in this city for many years, so he knows the city very well. (有连词，要用句子。)
2.只顾形式，不管意思。
如：_____ late in the morning, he turned off the alarm.
A. To sleep B. Sleeping
很多学生会误选B. 要他说出句意，他就犯难。其实，此句该选A，为了早上睡个懒觉，他把闹钟关了。不定式能表目的状语，而分词一般不表示目的。
Having passed the exam,?he decided to tell his parents the good news. (表原因)考试通过了，他决定把这好消息告诉他父母。
To pass the exam, he decided to spend the weekend at home going over his lessons. (表目的)为了通过考试，他决定周末呆在家里复习功课。
在祈使句+and / or +句子的句型，由于学生常不顾意思，该用动词原形(祈使句)时，误用分词是常见的错误。请辨别以下句子：
Work hard and you'll be able to pass the exam.努力学习，那么你就会通过考试。
Work hard or you'll fail the English exam.努力学习，否则你就不能通过考试。
Having worked hard, he passed the exam.因为他努力学习，所以他通过了考试。(分词表原因)
五、分词可表结果状语
分词作状语，除了表示时间、原因、条件及伴随外还可表示结果。分词与不定式表结果状语， 有不同之处，不定式通常表意外结果，而分词多表必然结果。
如：He opened the door only to find a stranger. (意外地发现一个陌生人)
He woke up only to find himself lying in hospital. (意外地发现自己在医院里)
He was told that his house had been broken into. He hurried home, finding a lot of things stolen. (房子被盗，必然东西被偷)
The insect drinks too much sap, which passes right through its body, only getting a little thicker and sweeter.? 这种昆虫喝太多的树液，这树液径直流过其身体，只不过变得稠些、甜些。(这也是必然的结果)
六、注意貌似分词的词 (评论性分词) (介词)
英语中的一些词是以-ing结尾的，貌似现在分词，但这类词在意义和用法上与分词完全不同，不要求有明确的自己的逻辑主语，实际上它们已被看作是介词或连词。
如：Considering his age，the little boy reads very well. 就他的年龄来说，这小孩读得算挺好的。
(considering作介词，就……而论)
I wrote a letter regarding my daughter's school examinations. 我写了一封关于我女儿学校考试的信。(regarding 作介词，= about)
还有一些词也是以-ing结尾的，作插入语其结构是固定的，意思上的主语并不是句子的主语。
generally speaking一般说来，honestly speaking老实说，strictly speaking 严格的说，judging from 从……判断
Judging from his face，he must be ill. 从他的脸色看，他一定是病了。
Generally speaking，dogs run faster than pigs. 总的来说，狗比猪跑得快。
(speaking 并不是dogs 的动作)
Strictly speaking, you are wrong.? 严格地说你错了。
七、-ing分词与-ed分词的区别
学生对-ing与-ed的掌握也常感到有困难。初中老师常强调-ing 修饰事；而-ed修饰人。
如：The film is interesting. The boy is interested in it.
而到了高中，这样理解有时是不够的。
应该强调：-ing 表示令人感到……有主动含义；而-ed表示感到……有被动含义。
The man is frightening. 这人令人感到害怕。(frightening吓人的)
The man is frightened. 这人感到害怕。(frightened被吓)
He is excited so there is an excited look on his face. 他感到激动，所以他脸上有感到激动的神色。(而exciting look 是令别人感到激动的神色)
His surprised look suggested that he knew nothing about it. 他那感到惊讶神色表示他对此事一无所知。(而surprising look是令人感到惊讶的神色)还有voice，tone等也有类似用法：
An excited person speaks in an excited voice. A surprised person speaks in a surprised tone. A frightening person speaks in a frightening tone.
总之，在学习英语过程中，分词学习是不可缺少的。只要树立信心，学好分词也不是一件高不可攀的难事。
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